This is the first math subtest on the WIAT-III and can be administered to students in kindergarten through twelfth grade. Wechsler Adult Intelligence ScaleFourth Edition, 216. Price includes up to 40 people per session. It includes both verbal and nonverbal components. Outcome Measure Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale - IV (WAIS-IV) Sensitivity to Change Yes Population Adult Domain Neuropsychological Impairment Type of Measure Objective test ICF-Code/s b1 Description The current version of the test, the WAIS-IV, which was released in 2008, is composed of 10 core subtests and five supplemental subtests, with the Based on a student's math strengths and weaknesses, individualized strategies can be utilized to achieve academic success. KTEA Comprehensive On-demand training is accessed via a welcome email sent to the email address associated with the order. For instance, if there is a 60 in this area, you will know that they did better than 60 percent of the other test takers. In addition, many students, especially in the early grades, hand write essays in school, so this method has ecological validity. ; Reliability: There is also the question of how reliable these tests are.Reliable IQ tests should provide consistent results. Top mental health tools all in one place. This 6-hour session covers the administration and scoring of the WAIT-4 subtests and basic interpretation of the results. The Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-IV (WAIS-IV) is an IQ test that is given by psychologists and measures global intellectual functioning. /sh/-/ell/ is shell), and letter identification. The examiner is not permitted to read the target words for the examinee. If youre not statistically inclined, usingCronbachs aIphaas a guide tells us that these results range from good to excellent in terms of reliability. The scores from all subsets are then combined to form a Full Score Intelligence Quotient (FSIQ) Score. Key Information Product Details Resources Q-interactive Overview: Updated achievement test for use in a variety of clinical, educational, and research settings Knowing the terms used in the report helps you understand the results. Wechsler Individual Achievement Test III (WIAT-III) are trademarks of Pearson Education, Inc or its affiliate(s), or their licensors. Wechsler Individual Achievement Test. Annual Q-interactive licenses can be purchased using ouronline order formor by calling Customer Support at 1-800-627-7271. These tests focus on reading, writing, and math. PubMedGoogle Scholar, Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, and Professor of Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry Virginia Commonwealth University Medical Center Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, VCU, 980542, Richmond, Virginia, 23298-0542, USA, Kessler Foundation Research Center, 1199 Pleasant Valley Way, West Orange, NJ, 07052, USA, Professor of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, and Neurology and Neuroscience, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey New Jersey Medical School, New Jersey, USA, Independent Practice, 564 M.O.B. This is similar to other intelligence tests such as the Stanford-Binet and Wechsler Intelligence tests. Therefore, students with lower scores on this subtest either suffer from weak reading skills in general or have a difficult time with comprehension. Identify what they need to achieve even more. Description The WIAT-II can be administered to individuals aged 485 years (or prekindergarten through grade 16). The WIAT is focused on academic skills as opposed to measuring intelligence. Other uncategorized cookies are those that are being analyzed and have not been classified into a category as yet. The most common errors included failure to administer sample items . Your child's test scores are only one part of the evaluation results. The Wechsler Individual Achievement Test, or WIAT, is a test that measures a person's intelligence. Will there be a validity study with the WIAT-4 and WPPSI-IV? TestingMom.com has over 2,500 sample practice questions to help your child become familiar with and practice the types of questions administered on the WIAT-III. Enhance your WIAT-4 results by co-administering other achievement measures, such as the KTEA-3 Rapid Automatic Naming subtest. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Other. %PDF-1.3 All Rights Reserved. In March 2018, a normative update was published for the Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children-4th Edition. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-79948-3_1499, Shipping restrictions may apply, check to see if you are impacted, http://harcourtassessment.com/HAIWEB/Cultures/en-us/Productdetail.htm?Pid=015-8983-505&Mode=summary, Reference Module Humanities and Social Sciences, Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout. They would benefit from explicit math drills corresponding to the problems with which they had the most difficulty. The WIAT-II is an achievement test for individuals ages four through adulthood. Trademarks referring to specific test providers are used by TestingMom.com for nominative purposes only and such trademarks are solely the property of their respective owners. IQ tests work by assessing a person's ability to overcome a specific set of obstacles, either in the form of written questions or as visual puzzles. The Wechsler Individual Achievement Test - Third Edition (WIAT-III; Wechsler, 2009) is an individually-administered, norm-referenced test for comprehensively assessing the achievement of children, adolescents, college students, and adults ages 4 through 50 years, 11 months. Copyright 2023 Leaf Group Ltd. / Leaf Group Education, Explore state by state cost analysis of US colleges in an interactive article. Standalone report or part of a comprehensive WIAT-4 evaluation report The Wechsler Individual Achievement Test - 3rd Edition . Automated scoring is more consistent but just as reliable as hand scoring. The WJ IV Tests of Achievement. The included Dyslexia Index Scores support efficient, reliable screening. Thus, he would benefit from explicit phonics instruction, including letter-sound awareness. The Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC) is an intelligence test which determines an individual child's IQ, or intelligence quotient. Find out how to use this test in your telepractice. @\m}c?iWWCz_um:?Y:c7/9v5}j?Uz/xUG7E/mx1OQRwo>u@7TW~>T=wo>O,=^ 2Q?C}8%pmv a:bGSwoIm The technical manual (on CD) describes the development, standardization, reliability, and validity and provides the normative and interpretive tables. The Wechsler Individual Achievement Test (WIAT-4) is the latest iteration of a popular instrument that psychologists employ to assess academic achievement. The test provides three scores: a Verbal IQ, Nonverbal IQ, and overall IQ composite. However, WAIS-V data collection was paused due to the pandemic and became out of sync with the WIAT-4 release. The report includes: History and Background Considerations, Dyslexia Index Summary Table, Dyslexia Index Graphical Profile, Subtest Standard Score Differences, an Interpretive Statement, and Suggested Next Steps. The following training events are available for WIAT-4. Results obtained from the WIAT-III can be used to: a. 4. Average scores are those that range from 85 to 115. The scores are based on age norms. Dig deep into the subtest results as they contain a lot of good information. Subject abilities are depicted using standard scores and percentile ranks. The Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale - Fourth Edition (WAISIV) is a comprehensive clinical instrument for assessing the intellectual abilities of older adolescents and adults. WIAT-4 features new subtests and expanded scoring capabilities, including composites for Phonological Processing, Orthographic Processing, Writing Fluency, and an Orthographic Processing Extended Composite*. Rather, a diagnosis of dyslexia is based on a convergence of evidence gathered from multiple sources. Scores from 90 to 109 are average scores. Subtests within the reading domain include Word Reading, Reading Comprehension, and Pseudoword Decoding, and measure phonological awareness, letter-sound awareness, automaticity of word recognition, and fluency of reading. Why do examinees hand write, instead of type, their essays? b. The overall reliability of the KTEA-3 is 0.87 to 0.95 and the test-retest score is above 0.90 which is considered the strongest. Can the IEA score highly unusual or very brief essays? stream }(9N:+ceUc~. The WIAT stands of the Wechsler Individual Achievement Test. The original . The Wechsler Individual Achievement Test- 3rd Edition The WIAT- lll is a standardized individually administered measure of achievement and functioning that examines performance in the areas of Reading, Mathematics, Written Language, and Oral Language. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. An achievement test measures how an individual is doing in areas of academic school work. Woodcock Reading Mastery Tests | Third Edition, Wide Range Achievement Test | Fifth Edition. The skills tested are listed below: Reading: Word Reading Reading Comprehension Pseudoword Decoding Mathematics: Numerical Operations Mathematics Reasoning Digital assets are available for remote administration of the WIAT-4. The "Wechsler Individual Achievement Test-Second Edition" (WIAT-II) was published by Pearson in 2005. 131-above 98 very superior, 121-130 92-97 superior, 111-120 76-91 high average, 90-110 25-75 Average, 80-89 9-24 low average, 70-79 3-8 Low, 69-below 0.1-2 very low. The WISC-V takes 45 to 65 minutes to administer. A single score such as the Dyslexia Index is not sufficient to diagnose dyslexia. << /Length 5 0 R /Filter /FlateDecode >> Updated achievement test for use in a variety of clinical, educational, and research settings, Paper-and-pencil or online administration, Q-interactive Web-based Administration and Scoring, Q-global Scoring & Reporting or Manual Scoring, Varies by grade level and number of subtests administered. This is not an accredited intelligence test and the scores derived from it may not accurately reflect the score you would attain on an official, proctored intelligence test. Is there a way to administer the WIAT-4 remotely in two separate locations? The audio files are complete; however, some multimedia applications trim slightly into a track to allow smooth transitions. Achievements tests measure academic abilities, such as reading, writing, mathematics, and language. If so, you are in luck because there is a test for that. Our Programs The Tests About Us Blog Success Stories Media Store Privacy Terms of Use, Copyright 2023 TestingMom.com. Under timed conditions, examinees who type well can write more and score higher than examinees who cannot type well. Academic achievement is defined as the ability to apply cognitive skills and learned knowledge to grade-level expectations. Using sample data, the presenter will demonstrate how to apply the scoring criteria to derive the raw score for the subtests. The WISC-IV is an individually administered assessment containing fifteen subtests that provide a comprehensive assessment of intellectual ability. The Math Fluency subtests assess an individual's speed and accuracy in completing simple math problems. How are the Oral Discourse Comprehension audio files organized? For example, the 85th percentile shows a score that exceeds 85 percent of age-mates. Abstract: The Wechsler Individual Achievement Test (WIAT-4) is the latest iteration of a popular instrument that psychologists employ to assess academic achievement. If you have any questions about the scores or results, contact the examiner. This Q&A session supports participants who have attended a previous training or are familiar with the assessment. You may also call Customer Support at 1-800-627-7271. The test enables the assessment of a broad range of academics skills or only a particular area of need. A student who did well on Word Reading, Oral Reading Fluency and Pseudoword Decoding, but did poorly on Reading Comprehension, would benefit from extra comprehension assistance in the classroom. Earn money by contributing to product development, Booklets, record forms, answer sheets, report usages & subscriptions, Manuals, stimulus books, replacement items & other materials. The Pseudoword Decoding subtest requires students to apply phonics/sound awareness to decode nonsense words, such as ib or ak. Students who perform poorly on these subtests need to continue practicing word identification and phonological awareness. This may adversely affect all areas of academics. Superior scores range from 120 to 129 and anything over 130 is considered Very Superior. The cookie is set by the GDPR Cookie Consent plugin and is used to store whether or not user has consented to the use of cookies. Subtraction math fluency The subject has a sixty-second-time limit to solve written subtraction problems. Use of WASI-II. These are the third and fourth reading subtests on the WIAT-III and can be administered to students in first through twelfth grades. Easily build an ability-achievement battery by combining subtests from WIAT-4 with ability measures, such as the WISC-V. The KTEA-3 is also well correlated with other standardized achievement tests including the Peabody Individual Achievement Test, Wechsler Individual Achievement Test and the Standford Achievement Test. The scores are based on age norms. The Wechsler scales include three individually administered scales of intelligence. youre not statistically inclined, thats quite high. M'qn5! This 3-hour session covers interpretation of data from the WIAT-4 reading and reading-related subtests. - Indicates a subtest with multiple raw scores (shown in the Subtest Component Score Summary). Learning disabilities are most often found in these subjects. RTI Tiers: RTI Levels 2 and 3. The following training events are available for WIAT-4 Dyslexia Index Scores. Correlations lower than .40 are not reported to prevent prediction based on variables with a relatively weak relationship, which will lead to a strong regression toward the mean effect. Mental measurements yearbook, WIAT-II (2 reviews). We recommend using Quicktime, iTunes/Apple Music, or Windows Media Player for the cleanest, most reliable playback of the WIAT-4 audio files. Links To Other Intelligence Testing Resources, Interesting Facts About Intelligence Tests. The WIAT-II includes nine subtests designed to assess specific areas within the broad domains of reading, mathematics, written language, and oral language. Tutoring: 813-544-3833 Website: 877-609-6203, Or login with Amazon, Facebook, or Google. This individual achievement test is developed to measure achievement in individuals as young as two (2) years old: Woodcock-Johnson III Tests of Achievement. Enhance your WIAT-4 results by co-administering other achievement measures, such as the KTEA-3 Rapid Automatic Naming subtest. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-79948-3_1499, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-79948-3_1499, eBook Packages: Behavioral ScienceReference Module Humanities and Social Sciences. Wechsler Individual Achievement Test, Fourth Edition (WIAT-4), coming fall 2020, expands upon the . Students who did well on Math Problem Solving but poorly on Numerical Operations need more practice with basic operations as opposed to word problems. Efficiently manage your WIAT-4 materials so you can focus on the examine. Uses and Characteristics of Individual Cognitive Ability Tests, 211. When an examiner submits an essay for scoring, the IEA assesses features of the essay and compares the essay to a training set - a large database of training essays previously scored by human scorers. The subtests within these areas often provide good information about a student's strengths as well as areas of need. If you don't see your child's school district listed, check with us! Varies by grade level and number of subtests administered, Reports include Score Summary, subtest Comparisons, Achievement/Ability Comparisons; Parent report available, Analyses of academic achievement; Supporting diagnoses of specific learning disabilities; Academic program placement; Intervention planning; Dyslexia screening/ evaluation. Interpret the Math Fluency subtests using standard scores and percentile ranks. For example, a completion time of 97 seconds, 50 milliseconds is entered as 97 seconds. Standard, Classroom, & Experiential Licenses, View the Pricing & Ordering tab and open the Q-interactive section. ->>=z{L= We present Wechsler Individual Achievement Test and numerous ebook collections from fictions to scientific research in any way. Expand the Orthographic Processing composite into an extended composite, using the digital Orthographic Choice subtest! Please visit our International Contacts Page to find where you can order from. The Wechsler Individual Achievement Test-Third Edition (WIAT-III; Wechsler) Administration time varies depending on the age of the examinee and the number of subtests administered, but the test usually takes 45 minutes to complete for children in kindergarten or prekindergarten, 90 minutes for grades 1 through 6, and approximately 90 to 120 . Subject abilities are depicted using standard scores and percentile ranks. Depending on the test being taken, the questions can range from assessing quantitative reasoning ability, verbal reasoning ability, visuospatial abilities, etc. Applied Neuropsychology. The Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children Fifth Edition Integrated (WISC-V Integrated) is a collection of tests, procedures, and scores that expand the utility of the standard WISC-V subtests. The Wechsler Individual Achievement Test - Second Edition (WIAT-II) - is a comprehensive test designed to assess academic achievement. So, if "good" is defined by above average, a score over 115 could be safely assumed to be above average. (eds) Encyclopedia of Clinical Neuropsychology. The examiner's manual (printed copy) explains how to administer, score, and interpret, and includes scoring rules and examples. - 198.72.126.3. Essay composition The subject is given ten minutes to write an essay. What IQ Score Gets Me Into a High IQ Society? Students who perform poorly on this subtest may have a difficult time reading. GeniusTests.com is an independent site that is in no way affiliated with, sponsored by, or otherwise associated with any official high intelligence organization. The WIAT-4/WAIS-V validity study was planned for a release with both new measures at approximately the same time. Our IQ practice tests PDF reviews the most common forms of questions on popular IQ tests, and gives you the best strategies for answering them quickly and correctly! xFv)fUSXje:;)lI EB.g?'O. Yes, these data will publish with the upcoming WAIS-V. At the time of the WIAT-4 development, WAIS-V was also in development so the decision was made to complete the validity study using both new versions. It is a view-only digital file. Training orders will be processed within 5-7 business days of order placement. % This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. The differences include different picture items in the visual subtests as well as changes for regional spelling differences. You may also call Customer Support at 1-800-627-7271. Other scores are the Age Equivalent and Grade Equivalent scores. Wechsler Intelligence Scale for ChildrenFifth . Listening comprehension The subject is told a series of vocabulary words and points to pictures that represent the words. The WIAT-4 is one of the more commonly administered broadband measures of academic achievement. Suitable for use in a multitude of settings and available to a wide array of professionals, the newest edition of the WIAT . The Fifth Edition (WISC-V; Wechsler, 2014) is the most recent version. jn09!NqB\BB7 } This article reviews the administrative, scoring, and psychometric properties of the Wechsler Individual Achievement Test, Fourth Edition (WIAT-4, NCS Pearson, 2020). But opting out of some of these cookies may affect your browsing experience. Expand the Orthographic Processing composite into an extended composite, using the digital Orthographic Choice subtest! (2011). On the current version of the WAIS, test scores that fall between 90 and 110 are considered average intelligence. Wechsler Individual Achievement Test | Fourth Edition: Dyslexia Index Choose from our products Kits Starter & complete kits, print & digital 1 option from $215.00 Test forms & reports Booklets, record forms, answer sheets, report usages & subscriptions 1 option from $59.40 Support materials Tell us about your experiences with this test. For older students, it also measures basic algebra and geometry skills. They are as follows: Status Scores Standard Score Percentile Rank Normal Curve Equivalent Stanines Growth Scores Grade Equivalent Age Equivalent Growth Scale Values All trademarks referenced herein are the properties of their respective owners. Scores/Interpretation: Fall, Winter, and Spring grade-based standard scores, age-based standard scores, percentile ranks, stanines, NCEs, age and grade equivalents, and growth scale values. For example, if a student missed every problem dealing with money, he needs to repeatedly review currency amounts. Scores above and below the "typical" range show academic strengths and weaknesses. All rights reserved. Once ordered, the digital asset is accessible by logging into Q-global and visiting the Q-global Resource Library. The test is often used to assess students for entrance into gifted programs or to screen potentially gifted students for further testing. Price includes up to 40 people per session. However, an examination of 295 Wechsler protocols completed by graduate students and practicing school psychologists revealed that errors are the norm, not the exception. A description of each test, scores reported in Standard Scores (SS) and Percentile Rank . Children and adolescents are often given the WIAT in order to identify areas where they may struggle or excel at in school. Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. To be qualified to administer, score, and interpret the test, a professional should have experience with psychological or educational testing, administering assessments, and administering assessments to individuals similar to those in the . 2 that psychologists wishing to interpret WIAT-4 composite scores limit those interpretations to just a few in the mathematics and reading domains. Wechsler Individual Achievement Test- Third Edition (WIAT-III)where is the IQ in composite scores, Total Reading SScore 81 10%Basic Reading SScore 83 13%Comprehension SScore 81 10%Written Expression SScore 81 10%Mathematics SScore 92 30%. Advertisement cookies are used to provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns. Questions? This approval level enables you to buy all our assessments. Finally, though the above scores are the main scores that everyone looks for, there are also other scores that will be given with the results of the WIAT. 1. Children's reading and math skills were examined using subtests from the Wechsler Individual Achievement Test-Third Edition (WIAT-III; Smith, 2001) and the Woodcock-Johnson Test of Achievement . By clicking Accept, you consent to the use of ALL the cookies. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. The WIAT is commonly used in settings such as: Depending on the subject, the results can be used for a variety of purposes including identifying academic strengths and weaknesses, educational placement, and the identification of learning disabilities (often in conjunction with theWAIS-IVorWISC-IVtests). When calculating the Oral Reading Fluency completion times, are milliseconds considered? Individual achievement test scores also become less useful as the grades increase, since college bound kids are taking higher level courses much earlier than the average high school graduate. To be successful, individuals must have a solid understanding of letter sounds and phonics skills. The WIAT-4 authors make both pragmatic and measurement claims about the instrument. Two Dyslexia Index scores are provided for the WIAT-4: These Dyslexia Index scores are obtained by administering two or three subtests, respectively, from the WIAT-4. Please note that the item can still be purchased. << /Length 5 0 R /Filter /FlateDecode >> By default, the WIAT-4 audio files are organized into folders by subtest. Pseudoword decoding This is the same as word reading except that the subject must verbalize letters which are nonsense rather than actual words. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative, Over 10 million scientific documents at your fingertips, Not logged in Another section of this subtest requires the subject to construct meaningful sentences using a required set of words. Wechsler Individual Achievement Test-III Reading Subtests Early Reading Skills (PK-3rd) Word Reading (1st +) Pseudoword Decoding (1st +) Reading Comprehension (1st +) Oral Reading Fluency (1st +) Mathematics Subtests Numerical Operations (K +) Math Problem Solving Math Fluency Subtests Addition (1st +) Subtraction (1st +) Multiplication (3rd +) . The original Wechsler Individual Achievement Test was published in 1992 by David Wechsler and was designed to assess the academic capabilities of people between the ages of 4 and 85. WIAT test scoring (Wechsler Individual Achievement Test-Third Edition) is based on several derivations of status scores and growth scores. This 3-hour session covers the criteria used to score the WIAT-4 Sentence Composition and Essay Composition subtests. She received her Bachelors of Arts in psychology as well as her Master of Science and Education Specialist Certification in school psychology from the California University of Pennsylvania. | 6951 Virginia Pkwy, Suite 301, McKinney, Texas 75071. The Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) is an IQ test designed to measure intelligence and cognitive ability in adults and older adolescents. The cookies is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Necessary". ?/.wMM{7={=Smn]JDoSUCy{_0}S.urtS7dsS6p]]yqS~)x8g0U5M{XMySuXrnwwDk*ypa8=g|qow]6-aV_o]\riEROE4v+ %`WW3D)NRT$Z,QQvtf8j{eW{xk_9{##!`Aum~-9h[p1QI]] ml6&K*q2V(G6.R+z? What should the examiner do if the examinee cannot read the target word for one or more items on the Sentence Writing Fluency subtest? Price includes up to 40 people per session. The Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence - Fourth Edition (WIPPSI-IV) measures cognitive development in preschoolers and young children ages 2.6-7.7 years (Wechsler, 2012). Thus, typically strong concurrent relationships with aca- The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Performance". The Numerical Operations subtest assesses an individuals ability to complete computations involving addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. Age ranges are represented by the year number of the child followed by how many months after . Trademarks referring to specific test providers are used by TestingMom.com for nominative purposes only and such trademarks are solely the property of their respective owners. The Math Problem Solving subtest assesses math reasoning skills, mainly the ability to solve word problems. Kaufman Test of Educational Achievement, Third Edition (KTEA-3) Brief Form Wechsler Individual Achievement Test , Third Edition (WIAT -III) KTEA-3 teaching objectives and intervention statements WIAT-III intervention goal statements Growth Scale Value (GSV) Scores Dyslexia index scores from the KTEA-3 and WIAT-III Wechsler Individual Achievement Test Wechsler Individual Achievement Test, 2 nd ed. 4 0 obj By learning more about the test, as well as what is considered a good score, if you or someone you love is taking the WIAT, you will be better prepared for both the test and the results. On the other hand, any score from 80 to 89 is considered to be Low Average, scores from 70 to 79 are called Borderline and any score below 69 is considered Extremely Low. This is given in a percentage and shows how the test taker scored against his or her peers. It provides detailed guidance for the administration, scoring, and interpretation of the WIAT-4. The original WAIS (Form I) was published in February 1955 by David Wechsler, as a revision of the Wechsler-Bellevue Intelligence Scale, released in 1939. The tests and assessments named on this site are trademarks and/or registered trademarks of their respective publisher(s), or their affiliate(s), or their licensors. The average score is fixed at 100, with approximately two-thirds of all scores falling somewhere between 85 and 115. Typical Items in an Individual Intelligence Test, 213. By submitting you agree to TestingMom.com's terms of use and privacy policy. Enjoy automated scoring of the Essay Composition subtest! For all official Wechsler materials, visits Pearson Clinical. A description of each test, scores reported in Standard Scores (SS) and Percentile Rank (PR), and observations made by the examiner during testing are reported below. What's A Good Score On The Wechsler Individual Achievement Test? As such, since that time, evaluators are required Scores in each of these domains are then combined to provide an overall achievement sore. _D*46@{v9Qhq`1Rp'~8O. Are there special considerations for interpreting WIAT-4 results with students who struggled to learn virtually during the pandemic?