cadenus cipher decoder


An additional "rule" used by the ACA is that no plaintext letter can be substituted by the same ciphertext letter so the keyed alphabets can be shifted to avoid this. This is a complete guide to the Caesar cipher and the tools you need to decode it. This is due to its versatility in acting as both a simple code for education and fun and as a building block for more complex encryptions: Though advanced for its time the Caesar cipher is now one of the easiest codes to break. Caesar - A Caesar cipher lets you add an arbitrary value, shifting each letter forwards or backwards. monographic IC will look like that of It uses a combination of a Polybius square and transposition of fractionated letters to encrypt WebWhat is the CM Bifid Cipher? Lego Bionicle - Different letter sets used in the Lego Bionicle world. | Bifid cipher subtracted from the key letter instead of adding them. All rights reserved. Undo. Used primarily to assist in decryption. In a Caesar cipher, each letter is shifted a fixed number of steps in the alphabet. | Rail fence cipher is chosen such that N = plaintextlength / 25. Despite being called the Vigenre cipher in honor of Blaise de Vigenre, it was actually developed by Giovan Battista Bellaso. This website would like to use cookies for Google Analytics. WebSince the period of a cadenus cipher is based on the ciphertext length, this option has no effect. Les transports sont gnralement assurs soit en voiture, en bus, en train ou bien en bateau. The more data there is, the more accurate the detection will be. Therefore, all misclassifications between these classes are counted as correct in NCID. It uses four 5x5 squares to translate Typically, these have more options and settings, allowing a single algorithm to apply to the message in a variety of ways. The encryption used is very rare: dCode can detect nearly 200 different ciphers and continues to improve thanks to your feedback and messages, but it is not impossible that some ciphers are still unknown/missing. Not seldom will WebThis online calculator tries to decode substitution cipher without knowing the key. Dans limpatience de vous voir au Vietnam. Why dont you try breaking this example cipher: ocz gdji ocjpbco do hdbco wz vn rzgg oj amdbcozi ocz rduvmy nj cz bvqz v gvmbz gjpy mjvm rcdxc rvn nj adzmxz viy ymzvyapg ocvo ojoj ephkzy vrvt amjh cdh di vgvmh viy odkkzy jqzm ocz nxmzzi ocvo nojjy di v xjmizm, See also: Code-Breaking overview And it is possible due to another simple substitution cipher vulnerability, known as Utility of Partial Solution. makes it especially useful for puzzle games, where it is sometimes not fully obvious that a code is a Morse Code. This is more secure due to the more complex pattern of the letters. Web(Two videos only a few hours apart? The cipher was likely effective due to the illiteracy of many of those who would intercept them and a common misconception that the messages were written in a mysterious foreign language. Vos retours contribuent cet change et ce partage qui nous tiennent tant cur, tout en nous permettant dvoluer, de nous perfectionner. Caesar Cipher Tool (supporting English, French, German, Italian, Portugese, Spanish, Swedish). More advanced methods of encryption, such as those based on mathematical algorithms, are now used to protect sensitive information. The Vigenre Autokey Cipher is a more secure variant of the ordinary Vigenre cipher. signature search: certain ciphers / encodings have characteristic marks, a signature which makes them identifiable. or modern crypto algorithms like RSA, AES, etc, even if they usually are presented in hexadecimal or binary format. Traditionally, the offset is 3, making A into D, B into E, etc. Railfence is included in the Redefence type in BION. They can also represent the output of Hash functions Webdings - See your message in a set of symbols. Then try experimenting with the Auto Solve settings or use the Cipher Identifier Tool. WebWhat is the Checkerboard Cipher? Several neural networks were trained to detect the cipher type given encrypted historical texts: For training the NCID models with all 55 ACA ciphers two text lengths were chosen from the Gutenberg library[2]: either ciphertexts with an exact length of 100 characters or ciphertexts with variable lengths of 51-428 characters. | Keyed caesar cipher Feedback and suggestions are welcome so that dCode offers the best 'Cipher Identifier' tool for free! A pretty strong cipher for beginners. If a Dictionary keyword search is selected the keyword type must be selected from the Setup drop down menu. K1 Keyword: Keyed plaintext alphabet, straight ciphertext alphabet, K2 Keyword: Straight plain alphabet, keyed cipher alphabet, K3 Keyword: Keyed plain alphabet, keyed cipher alphabet with the same keywords, K4 Keyword: Keyed plain alphabet, keyed cipher alphabet with different keywords. to use Codespaces. transposition ciphers. Substitution cipher breaker It uses genetic algorithm over text fitness function to break the encoded text. Floor 10th, Trico Building, 548 Nguyen Van Cu, Long Bien, Hanoi Morse Code can be recognized by the typical pattern: small groups of short and long signals. Browser slowdown may occur during loading and creation. WebThe Caesar cipher, also known as a shift cipher is one of the oldest and most famous ciphers in history. In cryptography, a cipher (or cypher) is a method for protecting data through encryption and decryption. But this manual approach is time-consuming, so the goal of an automated solution is to exclude humans from the process of breaking the cipher. | Variant beaufort cipher a bug ? Write to dCode! Puisez votre inspiration dans nos propositions d'excursionet petit petit, dessinez lavtre. Selecting multiple neural network architectures ensembles all selected neural networks, which in many cases can lead to better accuracy. 3.0.4208.0, Rod Hilton. If your cipher consists of lines and dots, it could be a, If your cipher has runes, you could translate them, If your cipher has hardwritten symbols of men in various positions, it could be a, If your cipher has combinations of colors, it could be a. Explorer le Vietnam dans toute sa grandeur ou juste se relaxer en dcompressant sur des plages paradisiaques. While being deceptively simple, it has been used historically for important secrets and is still popular among puzzlers. The easiest way to understand the Caesar cipher is to think of cycling the position of the letters. Replaces a letter with another letter or a set of symbols. The top line Breaking a Caesar cipher usually follows one of three scenarios depending on the amount of knowledge the attacking cryptanalyst has: In all of the proposed scenarios, assuming that the cipher relies on a simple numerical shift, the code can very easily be cracked using a brute force attack (trying all possible shifts and determining which one works). Comment rserver un voyage un voyage avec Excursions au Vietnam ? The message is over-encrypted: several successive encodings / ciphers have been applied, the over-encryption tends to mask the characteristic signatures of the original encryption. The Playfair cipher was invented in 1854 by Charles Wheatstone, but named after lord Playfair who heavily promoted the use of the cipher. Misclassifications between Railfence/Redefence are counted correct in NCID. 2023 Johan hln AB. Plaintext: to be intoxicated is to feel sophisticated but not be able to say it, Ciphertext: JF XZ VWJFNVRSJZY VI JF AZZU IFGBVIJVRSJZY XKJ WFJ XZ SXUZ JF ISO VJ, Ciphertext: LZ JO TYLZDTKHLOM TR LZ POOW RZGSTRLTKHLOM JIL YZL JO HJWO LZ RHE TL, Ciphertext: RZ QT OPRZBOHJRTS OA RZ UTTM AZGVOAROHJRTS QLR PZR QT JQMT RZ AJD OR, Ciphertext: CT VX RSCTHRLMCXW RB CT YXXP BTEZRBCRLMCXW VDC STC VX MVPX CT BMI RC. The first of these encrypted codes is: 1.17.23.9.14. These keyspaces can be searched via Stochastic Optimization Algorithms.2, The tricky part here is how you can measure if one key is "worse" than another. Kaatskill mountains. In 2006 a Sicilian mob boss named Bernardo Provenzano was captured by police due to his usage of an altered version of the Caesar cipher where letters were replaced by numbers after their shift. This may shuffle letters around in order to obfuscate the plain text. Nous sommes fiers et heureux que vous ayez choisi de nous confier vos rves. Please contact us with your cipher message, the original message and the encryption method used so that dCode can teach the analyzer this encryption for future times. Tel : +33603369775 If nothing happens, download GitHub Desktop and try again. The Caesar cipher, while reasonably effective in its Roman heyday, is now one of the easiest cryptographic codes to break. each digraph. Lovers would use Caesar ciphers to exchange messages in plain sight through placing encoded ads in newspapers such as The Times during the 19th century. The cipher type to be detected by BION and NCID are different, because BION clustered some of the cipher types together. The Caesar cipher lost most of its effectiveness even with advanced protocols with the discovery of frequency analysis in the 9th century. Dans lintimit de Hanoi et du Delta du Fleuve Rouge, Au nom du raffinement et de la douceur de vivre, Voyages dans le temps et civilisation disparue, Toute la magie du Delta du Mkong et de Ho Chi Minh, Un pays inconnu et insolite qui vous veut du bien, Sous le signe du sourire et de lexotisme, Osez laventure Birmane et la dcouverteinsolite. Gold Bug - A substitution cipher from an Edgar Allan Poe short story. First of all, substitution does not change the letters' frequencies, so if you have a decent amount of enciphered text and you know the language it was written in, you can try frequency analysis. When shifting operation has been set letting you can do spaceships compensate for example, view and use a great introduction to! So plaintext letter A is replaced by ciphertext letter D, B is replaced by E and so on. Ciphertext: ZYXWVUTSRQPONMLKJIHGFEDCBA. WebIn order to read the message, the papyrus had to be wrapped around a staff of equal diameter. If the algorithms are identical for encryption and decryption then the cipher is called an Reciprocal Cipher, the Beaufort Cipher and Enigma Cipher are examples. Copy WebDecryption method Knowing the encryption key or permutation (2,1,3)(2,1,3)-1 Try all permutations (bruteforce up to size 6) Grid Writing/Reading Encryption Directions Mode Decrypt See also: Caesar Box Cipher Transposition Encoder Transposition plain text dCode Transposition Keep Spaces, Punctuation and other characters Key or Permutation This is the standard method for breaking any substitution cipher. a feedback ? Use the Cipher Identifier to find the right tool. This commit does not belong to any branch on this repository, and may belong to a fork outside of the repository. Are you unsure that your cipher is a Caesar cipher? Using the English alphabet the Atbash substitution is: Another example is the Caesar cipher which was used by the Roman general and statesman Julius Caesar (100 BC-44 BC) to exchange messages with Marcus Tullius Cicero (106 BC-43 BC) and others. In this mode, the calculator also displays the best key in each generation, which is quite curious to watch. The following examples encipher the George Carlin quote "To be intoxicated is to feel sophisticated but not be able to say it. using the four keyword types and the keyed alphabets shown above. It encrypt the first letters in the same way as an ordinary Vigenre cipher, Using this knowledge, attempt to adjust the positions Method in which each letter in the plaintext is replaced by a letter some fixed number of positions down the alphabet. It consists of letters (about 50% uppercase and 50% lowercase), as well as numbers, and often Copyright 1998 - 2023 CrypTool Contributors, Identifies the cipher type, with only a short given ciphertext. , uses the same method of encryption but normal word divisions are not retained. After his assassination, Caesar's nephew Augustus carried on his uncles usage of the cipher to protect his correspondence but changed his messages encryption to a right shift of one. WebIt uses the Hebrew alphabet where the first letter of the Hebrew alphabet is replaced by the last letter, the 2nd letter is replaced by the 2nd to last letter and so on. Chaque itinraire met en valeur des traits particuliers du pays visit : le Cambodge et le clbre site dAngkor, mais pas que ! It is a cipher key, and it is also called a substitution alphabet. If the ciphertext length is a multiple of 25, it should be written into Letters Only The Conjugated Matrix Bifid cipher is a variant of the Bifid cipher, where instead of using the same Polybius square to generate the ciphertext, a second Polybius square is used for that final step. WebCount or decoding adventures that words to miss letters of a character set is called alphanumeric code decoder cryptii is a method. While being deceptively simple, it has been used historically for important secrets and is still popular among puzzlers. If it contains word boundaries (spaces and punctuation), it is called an Aristocrat. Substitution Encryption and Decryption Tool. Plaintext: Whoever has made a voyage up the Hudson must remember the Destiny 2 Cipher Decoders are used to unlock Encrypted Caches in the Festival of the Lost Haunted Forest. Likewise in 2011, a British counter-terrorist operation foiled a planned airline bombing due to the usage of an easily breakable Caesar cipher by the perpetrators in their internet communications. It is used for section 3 of the Kryptos. Without knowing the technique chosen by the sender of the message, it is impossible to decrypt it (or decode it). This uses a dictionary keyword search or a hill climbing algorithm. You can use a full-blown encryption tool, such as PGP. A, D, F, G, V and X. The following examples encipher the George Carlin quote ". Without the right staff, it would be difficult to decode the message using the techniques available at that time. It is stronger than an ordinary Playfair cipher, but still easier At the input layer there are the coded messages (with ngrams), and at the output layer the different types of known and referenced ciphers on dCode. It was invented by Lieutenant Fritz Nebel and is a fractionating In what proportion? Caesar Cipher, Vigenre Cipher (including the autokey variant), Beaufort Cipher (including the autokey variant), Playfair Cipher, Baconian - Used to hide a message within another message by using different typefaces or other distinguishing characteristics. WebClassic Ciphers. 1. For further text analysis and statistics, click here. Cryptogram Solver - If you have a plain text message, this will help find possible solutions in a matter of seconds. | Cryptogram The Beaufort Autokey Cipher is not The Caesar cipher, while laughably easy to break for even the most novice modern cryptanalyst, forms a key part of the much more difficult to break. The copy-paste of the page "Cipher Identifier" or any of its results, is allowed as long as you cite dCode! UPPER Just click the Details to reveal additional settings. Why does the analyzer/recognizer not detect my cipher method. If there is a correlation between the degree to which a key resembles the correct key and the degree to which that key's decryption of the ciphertext resembles the plaintext, it should be possible to search the keyspace efficiently by quickly discarding keys that are "worse" than whatever key is the closest match at any moment, climbing ever closer to the optimal key without knowing it initially. but after all letters in the key have been used it doesn't repeat the sequence. When reaching the end of the alphabet it cycles around, so X becomes A, Y becomes B and Z becomes C. In this example the phrase I came, I saw, I conquered becomes L FDPH, L VDZ, L FRQTXHUHG once encoded with a shift of 3. 2023 Johan hln AB. (factorial of 26), which is about . Instructions. This is a page dedicated to simple text manipulation tools, which all can be replicated with just paper and pencil. Nous rserverons pour vous un logement en adquation avec vos attentes de prestations. Comptent et serviable, il ne manquera pas de vous indiquer les adresses ne surtout pas louper tout en vous offrant un moment unique de partage. Profitez de nos circuits pour dcouvrir le Myanmar, mystrieux et mystique. or modern crypto algorithms like RSA, AES, etc. Encode There are different approaches, and I've tried this and that, but one which worked for me is outlined here: Text fitness (version 3). It uses the Hebrew alphabet where the first letter of the Hebrew alphabet is replaced by the last letter, the 2nd letter is replaced by the 2nd to last letter and so on. Work fast with our official CLI. The Caesar cipher forms the basis of the unbreakable one-time pad cipher. Nos conseillers francophones vous feront parvenir un devis dans un dlai de 08h sans aucun frais. You can spend up to five Deciphers in one run. See the FAQ below for more details. The top line has been shifted from its actual starting point less than the lines below The aim is to accept input from a file that is encoded with the Caesar Cipher (move letters left or right in alphabet), figure out which letter has the highest frequency then use this to guess the shifting value and decode the The calculator logic is explained below the calculator. lower Puisez votre inspiration dans ces thmes Vosexcursions au Vietnam et en Asie du Sud- Est commence ici, en allant la pche aux ides. Regularly the database is updated and new ciphers are added which allows to refine the results. | Enigma machine Him baby.The song is That's my baby by bazziBill Cipher and Gravity Falls belongs to Alex Hirsch. AuCentre, les sites de Hue et Hoi An possdent lun des hritages culturelles les plus riches au monde. reciprocal. Notre satisfaction, cest la vtre! Nous sommes uneagence de voyage franco-Vietnamiennesrieuse et comptente avec des conseillers francophones expriments, professionnels et en permanence disponibles pour vous aider. Many Git commands accept both tag and branch names, so creating this branch may cause unexpected behavior. Hexadecimal codes only use the digits 0-9 and letters A-F. Binary Codes can represent ASCII, UTF-8, or more advanced encoding schemes. | Rot13 (for example Cadenus). It is a digraph cipher, where each The project contains code for the detection and classification of ciphers to classical algorithms by using one or multiple neural networks. Indeed, he was so prolific in the field that the grammarian Probus wrote a treatise on them that is now lost. BION put into a "cluster" only cipher types which are very close variants. NCID allows to identify the cipher type, given only a piece of ciphertext. Webquipqiup is a fast and automated cryptogram solver by Edwin Olson.It can solve simple substitution ciphers often found in newspapers, including puzzles like cryptoquips (in which word boundaries are preserved) and patristocrats (inwhi chwor dboun darie saren t). Using the English alphabet the Atbash substitution is: Atbash cipher. 19.19.24.1.21.6. A keyword of length N While being deceptively simple, it has been used historically for important secrets and is still popular among puzzlers. Each letter is substituted by another letter in the alphabet. Cancel Substitution of single letters separately simple substitution can be demonstrated by writing out the alphabet in some order to represent the substitution. or modern crypto algorithms like RSA, AES, etc, even if they usually are presented in hexadecimal or binary format. key is placed alongside the plaintext columns, and the keyword letter for each column is found Note that you may need to run it several times to find completely accurate solution. Read the message going down the columns. Using the information found here those stuck on any variant of the cipher will find that solving it is often as simple as a shift of one or two or three or perhaps 13! To find out more about your cipher, the following tools are recommended: See also: Code-Breaking overview It is similar to the Vigenre cipher, but uses a different "tabula recta". Vous pouvez tout moment contacter une de nos conseillres pour vous aider dans llaboration de votre projet. Ciphertext: (Type or paste cipher into this box. with the letters in some of the columns. | Route transposition Atbash - A very simplistic cipher where you change A to Z, B to Y, and so on. or modern crypto algorithms like RSA, AES, etc. Note: Your ciphertext is less than 25 characters long. One of the more difficult variants is the double transposition cipher, which is equivalent to applying two columnar The ciphertext is then taken from the resulting columns in order horizontally. That cipherProcconfigure -language language This option is currently ignored for all cipher types. WebThe Cadenus cipher is a double transposition cipher and was described in Trait de Cryptographieby Emile-Arthur Soudart and Andr Lange, 1925. We need text fitness to address this, which gives us some score on how the given text looks like typical English text. The earliest known example is the Atbash cipher which is found in the Old Testament and dates from around 600-500 BC. Double Columnar Transposition - Because two is better than one. With the 55 classical ciphers standardized by the American Cryptogram Association (ACA), the following neural networks were trained: feedforward neural network (FFNN), long short-term memory (LSTM), Transformer, and Naive Bayes network (NB). Finally, all letters are shifted like in an ordinary Caesar cipher. Where word divisions are kept the American Cryptogram Association (ACA) refers to the monoalphabetic substitution cipher as the Aristocrat cipher. Functionally similar to "Variant Beaufort" and this also supports autokey. These signals could be actual tones, or Numbered Key implementations differ and are therefore skipped. Ironically, while Caesar ciphers are not very secure by themselves, they are a common component of much more complex encryption techniques including the Vigenre cipher and the unbreakable one-time pad cipher. The Caesar cipher, also known as a shift cipher is one of the oldest and most famous ciphers in history. They can also represent the output of Hash functions In a Caesar cipher with a shift of 3, A becomes D, B becomes E, C becomes F, etc. This was used by the U.S. Army during World War II. | Adfgx cipher | Vigenere cipher. As with any transposition cipher, the frequency count and It was Caesar who reportedly used the cipher with a shift of three to encode military messages to his commanders while on a campaign. Undo. Nonetheless, the cipher finds itself named for, and consistently associated with, the famous Roman Emperor and General Julius Caesar. | Frequency analysis WebGitHub - CatOnXTC/Cadenus_Cypher: En/Decoder based on the Cadenus Cypher CatOnXTC / Cadenus_Cypher Public Notifications Fork 0 Star 0 Pull requests main 1 FINAL FANTASY is a registered trademark of Square Enix Holdings Co., Ltd. As an Amazon Associate I earn from qualifying purchases. The Beaufort Cipher is named after Sir Francis Beaufort. The army of the Confederate States of America in the American civil war used a form of the keyed Caesar cipher to encrypt military messages. Caesar cipher is a shift cipher, one of the most natural and trendy encryption methods. Complete Victory. This online calculator tries to decode substitution cipher without knowing the key. Phillips C and Phillips RC are combined in one type in BION. 5-groups Don't get used to it)This took forever with the art and the sync up, but it didn't even sync up that well. Regardless of being phased out well over a century ago, the Caesar cipher has not fallen out of use entirely. To use this tool, enter the encrypted text in the box below along with any other relevant data (keywords, alphabets, numbers, etc) and it will attempt to solve it for you. Cryptogram Assistant - This helps you manually solve simple ciphers, which are methods where you replace one letter with another. AuSud, vous apprcierez la ville intrpide et frntique de Ho Chi Minh Ville (formellement Saigon) ainsi que les vergers naturels du Delta du Mekong notamment la province de Tra Vinh, un beau site hors du tourisme de masse. Cite as source (bibliography): other means such as lines, colors, letters or symbols. Results are less reliable. When the message is accompanied by instructions or clues, some keywords can trigger more results from the dCode database. WebD dCode is totally open-source Caesar Cipher Decoder, and its accessories are relevant to help in games, maths, geocaching, puzzles, and problems to solve every day! The two-square cipher is also called "double Playfair". The Caesar cipher is named after the legendary Roman emperor Julius Caesar, who used it to protect his military communications. Hazbin Hotel belongs to Vivziepop.Now I'm gonna go binge both seasons o f Gravity Falls again. Ces excursions au Vietnam et en Asie sont des exemples types de voyages, grce notre expertise et notre exprience dans lagencement des voyages, serions heureux dadapter ces voyages en fonction de vos dsirs: un htel en particulier, un site voir absolument, une croisire plutt quun trajet en bus Tout dpend de vous! A simple cypher, but one that is featured on the Kryptos sculpture at the CIA headquarters. Used by the Germans in World War I. Vigenre - Based somewhat on the Caesarian shift cipher, this changes the shift amount with each letter in the message and those shifts are based on a passphrase. Notably, decoder rings themselves are a modern version of the Caesar wheel, an early decryption tool used to break the Caesar cipher. Not seeing the correct result? Decimal Codes can represent A1Z26, ASCII, or more advanced encoding schemes. Identification is, in essence, difficult. Hexadecimal Codes can represent ASCII, UTF-8, or more advanced encoding schemes. and all data download, script, or API access for "Cipher Identifier" are not public, same for offline use on PC, mobile, tablet, iPhone or Android app! Knowing the encryption (or encoding, or code) is therefore the first step to start the decryption (or decoding) process. Later versions of the substitution cipher used a keyword to create a keyed alphabet which can be used for the plaintext alphabet, the ciphertext alphabet or both. The calculator logic is explained below the calculator. WebOne of the oldest of cipher types was the simple substitution or monoalphabetic substitution ciphers in which each letter of the alphabet is replaced by another letter. Example: The base64 code contains all the possible numbers and letters (upper and lower case) distributed fairly evenly but 3 times out of 4, it ends with the sign =. M 1 i (cipher;key) (cadenus) cmbid columnar digrad dbl chckrbrd four square fracmorse grandpre (grille) gromark the cipher length is a multiple of 2, 3, 5, 25, any of A simple replacment method that is usually the first one taught to children and is still an effective way to obscure your message. They can also represent the output of Hash functions The full substitution is: Later versions of the substitution cipher used a keyword to create a keyed alphabet which can be used for the plaintext alphabet, the ciphertext alphabet or both. Many can be solved manually Encrypt and decrypt any cipher created in a Caesar cipher. E: info@vietnamoriginal.com, Excursion au Vietnam@2007-2022. After solving using the genetic algorithm the keyword can be sought by selecting the Keyword Finder function in the Tools tab. | Pigpen cipher Learn more. Using frequencies, analysts can create trial keys and test them to see if they reveal some words and phrases in the encrypted text. WebHow to decrypt a cipher text? | One-time pad The encryption used is recent: modern cryptography techniques are such that it is impossible to recognize an encrypted message from a random message, it is moreover a quality of a good encryption. En effet nous travaillons tout aussi bien avec de grands htels quavec les minorits locales qui vous ouvriront chaleureusement la porte de leur maison. Gronsfeld - This operates very similar to a Vigenre cipher, but uses numbers instead of a key word. Columnar Transposition - Write a message as a long column and then swap around the columns. Therefore, this cipher is not really comparable. Contribute to dnafinder/crypto development by creating an account on GitHub. Code-breaking is not only fun, but also a very good exercise for your brain and cognitive skills. NB: do not indicate known plaintext. It is a simple substitution cipher, where each letter corresponds to another letter a certain number of positions forward or backward in the alphabet. Reverse Et si vous osiez laventure birmane ? Everyone who receives the link will be able to view this calculation, Copyright PlanetCalc Version:

Sun City Grand Standards Office, Articles C