Bradley Fighting Vehicles proved their worth in urban environments during the Iraq War. The first shipment of more than 60 Bradley M2A2-ODS Fighting Vehicles promised to Ukraine has left port, according to U.S. Transportation Command. Bradley M2 / M3 Tracked Armoured Fighting Vehicles, USA. Ukraine has received substantial aid from its Western allies, including the United States, helping the country to reclaim thousands of miles of formerly occupied territory. It is used in mechanized infantry and armored cavalry combat. [48] Mass production was cancelled in late 1999. With promises of arms pouring into Ukraine, Russia laid out what it would constitute a red line for their use. [citation needed] In October 1981 the vehicle was named the "Bradley" for World War II Army General Omar Bradley, who had died earlier that year.[20]. Russia, meanwhile, reportedly has thousands of tanks in its arsenal, though many of these tanks appear to stem from the Soviet era, according to a September report from The Kyiv Independent. A load of more than 60 Bradley fighting vehicles departed South Carolina for Ukraine last week as part of the latest $2.5 billion package in military aid that the Biden administration announced earlier this month.. Subscribe to Task & Purpose Today. Head of the State Duma Committee on Defense Andrey Kartapolov stated on Jan. 28 that the committee is reviewing over 20 laws regarding mobilization deferrals. Spaced laminate belts and high-hardness steel skirts have been added to improve the side protection of later versions, while overall weight was increased to 33 tons. [9] The filtration system provided a shirt-sleeve environment until the passengers dismounted. [34] A few kills against Iraqi T-72 tanks at close range are reported. Our new and used armored vehicles receive rigorous testing and customization to help ensure that they are among the safest vehicles on the market. Overview. The Bradley is equipped with the 25mm M242 Bushmaster as its main weapon. Not only have the Ukrainians already received several other types of fighting vehicles such as American M113 Gavins, British FV103 Spartans, and French VABs but the Ukrainians also use captured Russian vehicles, such as BMP-3s. As Ukraine gears up for the next months of the conflict, military leaders are hoping Bradley Fighting Vehicles can help retake even more territory, with experts noting they could become a game-changer, potentially even in Crimea. The U.S. Army rejected it due to it not being amphibious, too large and heavy for air transport, and too expensive. In fact, the only noticeable differences between the M2 and the M3 are the missing external M-16 firing ports on the M3. The Bradley is designed to transport infantry or scouts with armor protection, while providing covering fire to suppress enemy troops and armored vehicles. M2/M3 Bradley Fighting Vehicle. [31], Burton was ordered to transfer from his post at OSD, prompting yet more Congressional scrutiny. The training of Ukrainian troops in the U.S. continues, in this case supervised by Canadian soldiers. However, Israel has provided some non-lethal equipment, most recently armored ambulances, according to The Times of Israel. Rep of CongoCentral African RepublicMozambiqueNigeriaTanzaniaSouth AfricaSouth Sudan, IndiaThailandMalaysiaTaiwanIndonesiaPhilippinesVietnamBangladeshCambodiaIndiaNepalNew ZealandSouth Korea, The Armored Group, LLC - 855-TAG-SAFE (855-824-7233) | Copyright 2023 ArmoredCars.com. Named after the famed World War II general, Omar Bradley, the Bradley fighting vehicle family comes in two main variants, the M2 and the M3. The Bradley carries a coaxial 7.62mm medium machine gun to the right of the 25mm chain gun. It wa. [69] Fielding is planned for 2023. An optional Applique configuration provides situational awareness via the Force XXI Battle Command Brigade and Below (FBCB2) Applique computer system. Ukrainian forces conducted a HIMARS strike against a bridge in Svitlodolynske (about 12.4 miles northeast of Melitopol). The XM723 weighed 21 tons, had spaced aluminum armor proofed against 14.5mm fire, had a crew of three plus eight infantry, firing ports for the infantry, and a one-man turret with a 20mm gun. On the battlefield, as has been the case for a while, the most intense fighting is in the Donetsk and Luhansk oblasts, while Russian efforts to make a push in Zaporizhzhia Oblast may have stalled. Maintenance in UAF [the Armed Forces of Ukraine] is another side of hell, said Parfonov, adding they have a zoo of various kinds of vehicles, making it difficult to find spare parts, Parfonov said. (U.S. Transportation Command photo by Oz Suguitan), A Bradley Fighting Vehicle, among the first shipment of 109 promised to Ukraine, enters the gates of Transportation Core Dock in North Charleston, South Carolina. A day earlier, after a meeting with ROK Foreign Minister Park Jin, Stoltenberg was more specific about how he believed North Korea was arming Russia. News. FCS was canceled in 2009 due to budget cuts. It is armed with a TOW missile[a] launcher capable of carrying two loaded missiles. The added political advantage was that the TOW missiles made it an easier sell to Congress, as it was a new capability not possessed by the M113. American Bradley Fighting Vehicle - Armed Military Tank Pullover Sweatshirt By Matt Ballinger $44.86 American Bradley Fighting Vehicle - Armed Military Tank WW2 Lightweight Sweatshirt By Matt Ballinger $43.47 American Bradley Fighting Vehicle - Armed Military Tank Zipped Hoodie By Matt Ballinger $50.37 It possesses sufficient cross-country mobility to keep up with the M1 Abrams Main Battle Tank, medium and long-range firepower capable of defeating any vehicle on the battlefield, and is adequately armored to protect the crew from artillery and small arms threats. (U.S. Transportation Command photo by Oz Suguitan), Army Sgt. Published Jan 5, 2023 3:19 PM EST. Although the tracked Bradley has better mobility on soft ground, the wheeled Stryker has sufficient mobility to perform tactical air defense while also having greater weight, space, and electrical power capacity to make upgrades.[56]. [49], The BSFV is designed specifically for the carriage and support of a Stinger MANPADS team. Video emerged on social media of Russian troops being attacked with what looks like a "death ray" but is likely something akin to the German D-22 tank-killing mine. The Bradley consists of two types of vehicles, the M2 Infantry Fighting Vehicle and the M3 Cavalry Fighting Vehicle. A third variant, called the General Support Rocket System, which later entered production as the M270 Multiple Launch Rocket System, was added to the portfolio in 1977. M2 infantry Bradleys have firing ports for M231 Firing Port Weapons (FPWs), providing a means for the occupants to fire from within the vehicle and replacing the top-side gunners on the M113-based Armored Cavalry Assault Vehicles, although the M231 is rarely employed. It shared components with the LVTP-7 rather than the M113. However, the most amazing fact is that all Bradleys are amphibious. [53][54][55], The US Army chose to create an M-SHORAD vehicle out of the Stryker instead of the Bradley. [12] The project was canceled,[12] and new specifications were written in 1965. [5] The kit includes a more powerful spotlight, a wire mesh protector to keep the optics from getting scratched, and nonconductive arched strips of nylon that push away fallen electrical wires (power line protection) that would endanger crews, additional armor on the underside, and a bullet-resistant transparent shield for the commander outside the turret. The M2A4 has three seats for crew members and seven seats for squad members. Armament: 25 mm M242 chain gun; TOW anti-tank missile; 7.62 mm M240C machine gun. [57], The M270 MLRS is composed of two major sections, a M269 Launcher Loader Module mated to a M993 carrier vehicle. [44] This program placed much of the cost burden of development on contractors, causing many competitors to drop out. They'll train for weeks not only on just how to operate the vehicles, but also on how to properly set conditions for maneuver, and then maneuver, and then, you know, how to exploit opportunities, how to breach obstacles.. And this just highlights how we are interconnected. [9], We in TRADOC decided to put the TOW on the MICV because we realized that if we did not put the TOW on the MICV, we would probably never have a MICV. Its also equipped with an anti-tank TOW missile, effective up to 3,750 meters (2.3 miles). Get the latest in military news, entertainment and gear in your inbox daily. A total of 6,785 M2/M3 Bradleys were produced, including 400 for Saudi Arabia. Get the latest military news, entertainment, and gear in your inbox daily. He has covered the military for 15 years. The situation in Ukraine really brought to the forefront the importance of logistics and the complexity of power projection and sustainment, said Air Force Gen. Jacqueline Van Ovost, USTRANSCOM commander, during aninterview with Joint Force Quarterly. [12] FMC began construction of the XM723 prototype, which was completed in 1973. The Red River Army Depot in Texarkana, Texas, is responsible for maintenance and repair of the Bradley system. Additional improvements to vehicle survivability were added to production vehicles by 1988. Contact the author here. The U.S. Army began the Future Combat Systems (FCS) Manned Ground Vehicles program in 1999. The Bradley Fighting VehicleBradley or BFV for shortis the standard infantry fighting vehicle of the U.S. Army and was designed to carry ground troops into combat. The vehicles have been used by the United States military since the 1980s. [36] To remedy some problems that were identified as contributing factors in the friendly fire incidents, infrared identification panels and other marking/identification measures were added to the Bradleys. Aside from carrying mechanized infantry into close contact with the enemy, the M2 can provide overwatching fire to dismounting infantrymen. Range: 300 miles. The M2 and M3 Bradley FIghting Vehicle is a lightly armored, fully tracked transport vehicle that provides cross-country mobility, mounted firepower and protection from artillery and small-arms fire. Gen. Patrick Ryder, a Pentagon spokesman, confirmed on Thursday that the next tranche of U.S. military aid to Ukraine would include Bradley Fighting Vehicles, but he had no further details. The Bradley Fighting Vehicle (BFV) is a tracked armoured fighting vehicle platform of the United States developed by FMC Corporation and manufactured by BAE Systems Land & Armaments, formerly United Defense.It is named after U.S. General Omar Bradley.. Newer versions retain the two ramp-mounted firing ports, though plated over. For more information or to receive a quote on one or more of our used armored cars, contact us today! Mounted next to the Bushmaster is a M240C machine gun, firing 7.62mm rounds. For engaging heavier targets, such as acting in an anti-tank fashion, the Bradley carries a TOW missile system. The Bradley Fighting Vehicle family currently consists of two vehicles: the M2 Infantry Fighting Vehicle and the M3 Cavalry Fighting Vehicle. Continued disagreements on specifications continued to slow down development. Additional upgrades included a stronger, 800 horsepower engine, a larger main gun, lighter armor, improved sensors and cameras to give a 360 view outside, and an improved fire extinguisher system. Ukrainian officials reported that Ukrainian forces repelled assaults near Pobieda (about 2.5 miles southeast of Donetsk City) and Vuhledar. The Army opened a new program manager's office later in 1968. You heard me right, with the help of a compartmentalized, continuously pressurized inflatable pontoon, these vehicles can swim. @bayraktar_1love, who posted the more recent video, suggested it might be of a Stugna-P anti-tank missile system. Instead of holding six infantrymen in the payload compartment, it is designed to seat two scouts and hold additional radios and ammunition. M88A2 Hercules Recovery Vehicle. Here's another view of what a purported DM-22 strike looks like. One Bradley expert we spoke with said the vehicle's firepower, maneuverability, and durability are exactly what Ukraine needs as it contemplates further offensives against a foe that still has a sizeable amount of Soviet-era tanks and other armor, as well as its more modern vehicles. In the Iraq War, the Bradley proved vulnerable to improvised explosive device and rocket-propelled grenade attacks, but casualties were light with the crew able to escape. So there are many areas where we really believe that [an] even stronger partnership between the Republic of Korea and NATO can be of mutual benefit.. [citation needed], In 1967, the public display of the BMP-1 caused additional interest in the MICV program, which concluded its studies in 1968. [23], Saudi Arabia stated an interest in acquiring the Bradley in 1989 and began importing the vehicle in 1990. The Bradley M2A3 variant has a digital command and control system for. At the time it was introduced, the Bradley was the first infantry fighting vehicle with a fully-stabilized main gun. ", Those countries changed their policy, said Stoltenberg, "because they realize that when you are faced with a brutal invasion, where a big power Russia invades another one, in a blatant way, as we have seen in Ukraine, if you believe in freedom, if you believe in democracy, if you don't want autocracy and tyranny to win, then they need weapons.. The TOW missiles give the vehicle a strong antiarmor capability. In May 2015, General Dynamics and BAE Systems, the two prime contractors involved with the GCV, were awarded contracts to develop design concepts for the FFV. We strongly believe that we can do more together in areas like cyber technology, and also when it comes to arms control and [nuclear] non-proliferation. Other nations, like NATO members Germany and Norway as well as Sweden, have waived similar preclusions. Manufactured by BAE systems, the Bradley Fighting Vehicle began its Army service in 1981. Ukrainian officials reported that Ukrainian forces continued to repel limited Russian counterattacks west and south of Kreminna. [citation needed] The rising costs of the Vietnam War left less money to go around in the Pentagon's procurement budget. So whether you are simply traveling with your family in a sedan or transporting bullion in a cash-in-transit vehicle, you can have greater assurance that you, your passengers, and cargo will arrive safely with one of the vehicles from our selection of used armored cars. The Ukrainian General Staff reiterated that it has not observed Russian forces in Belarus forming a strike group as of Jan. 29. The first shipment of more than 60 of 109 Bradley Fighting Vehicles promised to Ukraine has left a port in South Carolina. The contract has been awarded . The gunner of one Bradley was killed when his vehicle was hit by Iraqi fire, possibly from an Iraqi BMP-1, during the Battle of 73 Easting. Before we head into the latest news from Ukraine,The War Zonereaders can get caught up with our previous rolling coverage here. [9], To adapt the XM723 to a reconnaissance role, as well as an IFV, the turret was replaced in 1976 with a two-man turret mounting a 25mm Bushmaster cannon and TOW missiles. A two-man turret design put the commander in a position with a better view of the battlefield. Join half a million readers enjoying Newsweek's free newsletters. In November 1972, the Army awarded FMC a contract to develop the XM723. [50], An air defense variant, these vehicles are modified M2A2 ODSs with the TOW missile system replaced with a four-tube Stinger missile system. BAE Systems has acted as the manufacturer and systems integrator of the Bradley program for over 30 years, including . [68], BAE Systems rolled out the first AMPV prototype on 15 December 2016. The vehicle weight was 15 tons. [59], The Black Knight prototype unmanned ground combat vehicle being developed by BAE resembles a tank and makes extensive use of components from the Bradley Combat Systems program to reduce costs and simplify maintenance. U.S. Bradley infantry fighting vehicles will arrive in Ukraine within the next few weeks, Voice of America reported, citing an anonymous Pentagon official. NSIAD-92-94, "Operation Desert Storm: Early Performance Assessment of Bradley and Abrams". Remanufacture of A0 variants to A2 standard began at the same time. [9][12] The XM701 shared components with the M107 and M110 self-propelled howitzers. Its M242 25mm Bushmaster chain gun fires armor piercing, high explosive munition at 200 rounds per minute and at distances up to 2,000 meters. M9 Armored Combat Earthmover. Want to write for Task & Purpose? Infantry can fight from inside the vehicle using modified M-16s mounted in firing ports or may dismount from the rear door of the M2 version to fight on foot. "US Army Awards Bradley Conversion Kits Contract to BAE", "FMC Gets New Bradley Fighting Vehicle Contract", "M2A3 and M3A3 Bradley Fighting Vehicle Systems (BFVS)", "M2 and M3 Bradley Fighting Vehicle Systems (BFVS)", "10 minutes of the most intense fighting". The vehicle is armed with a 25mm cannon, effective against most armored targets, and with the TOW missile, effective against lightly armored targets out to its maximum range of 3,750 meters (2.3 miles). [66] BAE projected their AMPV submission to have similar operating costs to the M113 and lower costs than an M2 Bradley, as the platform's most expensive components are related to the omitted turret. The BCV integrates an enhanced command and control communication suite to maintain digital interface with maneuver forces and the Tactical Operations Center. "They are actively acquiring new weapons, more ammunition, ramping up their own production, but also acquiring more weapons from other authoritarian states like Iran and North Korea. Stoltenberg was asking ROK to reconsider its past opposition to directly arming Ukraine. Bradleys have several significant advantages over most of the fighting vehicles the Ukrainians had prior to Russias latest invasion, including older versions of Soviet-era BMPs and BTRs, said retired Marine Col. J.D. Charles Porter/U.S. Ukraine should receive 109. YASUYOSHI CHIBA/AFP via Getty Images; DELIL SOULEIMAN/AFP via Getty Images, have the ability to carry several military personnel, Everyone Practices Cancel Culture | Opinion, Deplatforming Free Speech is Dangerous | Opinion. The value of anti-tank missiles had been well established in the 1973 Yom Kippur war. [16][15], Based upon this criticism, the OMB deleted M2/3 funding from the budget for the 1979 financial year. They can be utilized by ordinary citizens as well as corporations and government entities. Crew: 3 crew, 6-man infantry squad. "We see that they are preparing for more war, that they are mobilizing more soldiers, more than 200,000, and potentially even more than that," he said of the Russians. Concerns grew around the vehicle's proposed weight of around 70 tons. During the Iraq War, Bradley Fighting Vehicles proved their value in urban environments, he said. M1117 Armored Security Vehicle (ASV) 3M claims the earplugs were safe. January 6, 2023 5:30 am. The Bradley Fighting Vehicle (BFV) is a tracked armoured fighting vehicle platform of the United States developed by FMC Corporation and manufactured by BAE Systems Land & Armaments, formerly United Defense. The Bradley is designed for reconnaissance and to transport a squad of infantry, providing them protection from small arms fire, while providing firepower to both suppress and . In the years since, we have continued to deliver high-quality armored cars, trucks, SUVs, vans, and more. Here is an overview of how Bradley Fighting Vehicles stack up against Russian combat tanks. Our selection of used armored vehicles can fulfill a variety of applications and will ultimately help protect whatever you, your company, your organization, or your government is transporting. The M919 was used in combat during the 2003 invasion phase of Operation Iraqi Freedom. This vehicle was similar to the XM765, but had improved armor and speed. Im sure the Ukrainians will be able to get more [troops] in them because they dont have quite as much kit as we do possibly as many as 10 folks in the back of that thing.. That's it for now. The M2 Infantry Fighting Vehicle (IFV) carries a six-man infantry team, while the M3 Cavalry Fighting Vehicle (CFV) is basically an armored reconnaissance vehicle carrying a pair of scouts, additional radios, and ammunition. ArgentinaBoliviaBrazilChileColombiaPeruPortugalVenezuelaEcuador, GermanyFranceItalyUnited KingdomPolandNetherlandsSwitzerlandHungaryAustriaGreeceCzech RepublicCroatiaEstoniaSlovakiaSloveniaUkraineBosnia & HerzegovinaBulgariaSerbiaRomaniaLatvia, AfghanistanEgyptIraqJordanLebanonPakistanUnited Arab EmiratesYemenSaudi ArabiaTurkeyOmanKuwaitIsraelCyprus, AlgeriaAlgersAngolaBeninCape VerdeChadCote d'IvoireGhanaKenyaLibyaMaliDem. The upper sides of the vehicle were sloped and spaced steel armor plates were added to improve protection. The ESV is equipped with standard combat engineering equipment and can employ unique mission equipment packages for obstacle neutralization. For fuel efficiency, BAE is considered using a hybrid-electric drive, similar to their Ground Combat Vehicle. The Bradley is a tracked, medium-armoured vehicle armed with a 25mm gun. Features like bulletproof armor, bulletproof glass, run-flat tires, and more help keep their vehicle more secure and safer from outside threats. The first batch of a total of 109 Bradleys promised to Ukraine was loaded onto the ARC Integrity roll-on roll-off (RORO) cargo vessel Jan. 25 at the Transportation Core Dock in North Charleston, South Carolina, according to the Defense Departments Defense Visual Information Distribution Service. Later armor upgrades have negated this capability. Firing ports for the passengers were added and a M139 20mm cannon was added to the commander's cupola. [6], The BUSK kit adds 3 tons to the vehicle's weight. The Army agreed to make the armor protection comparable to the XM723. At The Armored Group, we have taken armored transportation seriously since our inception in the early 1990s. One of the things that I would like to see us, the United States and others do, is help establish maintenance capability inside Ukraine for them to work on all these different vehicles vs. having to bring them back to Poland, or Germany, or Slovakia, or wherever, Hodges told Task & Purpose. Ukraine's Ministry of Defence said on Monday it had destroyed more than 3,000 Russian tanks throughout the war, though that number could not be independently verified by Newsweek. The Bradley ESV enables engineer assets to maintain momentum with the main force while conducting engineer and sapper operations. The GT was the first product sold under the Bradley Automotive name. The tungsten APDS-T rounds proved effective in Desert Storm, capable of knocking out many Iraqi vehicles, including several T-55 tanks. April 25, 2018. the "TOW" missile is an anti-tank missile that forms part of the U.S. Army Bradley fighting vehicle. Beefed up firepower and target tracking have enhanced lethality. When it comes to new and used armored vehicles, The Armored Group is one of the best suppliers in the world. The M3 mainly conducts scout missions and carries two scout troopers in addition to the regular crew of three, with space for additional BGM-71 TOW missiles. The Bradley has a door-and-ramp assembly that opens to the rear so that infantry soldiers can quickly enter. Ryan Townsend, 841st Transportation Battalion operations hatch foreman, inspects Bradley Fighting Vehicles as they are parked within the ARC Integrity, Jan. 25. Named after a U.S. general who commanded U.S. troops in World War II, it is. Lacking are the six external firing ports present on the M2 Bradley IFV. [65] Underbody blast tests demonstrated that AMPV survivability requirements could be met with a Bradley platform. [citation needed] These comprised the two variants of the Fighting Vehicle System. Jeff Schogol is the senior Pentagon reporter for Task & Purpose. All Rights Reserved. Seoul, has, however, provided 155mm howitzer shells to the U.S. that would ultimately be shipped to Ukraine. Bradleys "would provide a major increase in ground combat capability because it is, in effect, a light tank," former White House defense analyst Mark Cancian told Bloomberg in December. One such upgrade was the XM734 which added firing ports. These firing ports are almost always covered by additional armor kits and a Bradley with them operable is rare. By 2017, the US Army was exploring reintroducing air defense Bradleys with the reemergence of hostile aerial threats. The commander sat inside the hull. While it is unknown at the moment how the Bradleys heading to Ukraine will be outfitted, the M2A3 Bradley Fighting Vehicle, the second-newest variant of the more than 6,000 Bradleys fielded. Their main mission is to provide protected transport of an infantry squad, up to six passengers, to critical points. If the Ukrainian military launches an offensive against Russian forces, the Bradley Fighting Vehicles would be more useful than Ukraines current fleet of BMPs, in part because Bradleys have a better fire control system than their Soviet and Russian counterparts, said Hlib Parfonov, a defense analyst who works with the Jamestown Foundation think tank in Washington, D.C. It is unclear at the moment whether these vehicles will go to Germany, where Ukrainian troops are already undergoing maneuver warfare training, or directly to Ukraine, most likely through Poland or Romania. [28][32] The book was adapted into the black comedy film The Pentagon Wars in 1998. [30] They claimed such limited, and according to Col. Burton, completely unrealistic, testing would improve the databases used to model vehicle survivability, as opposed to full tests with random shots that would provide a far more accurate picture of its performance under real battlefield conditions, but produce less useful statistical data. [39][unreliable source? Although plagued by cost overruns and scope creep during development, the M2 Bradley eventually got on track. [64] A mortar carrier vehicle can be converted from the original Bradley in 40 days. [46], The C2V is based on the M993 M270 Multiple Launch Rocket System (MLRS) carrier chassis and is designed to provide an automated tactical command post and operations centers. The AMPV submission is a turretless Bradley chassis, providing greater cargo space, increased armor, and upgraded engine and electrical systems. There was more talk Monday about F-16s going to Ukraine. [12] The first XM701 prototype was delivered in 1965 and testing was completed in 1966. Over the last three-plus decades, it has undergone a variety of major upgrades to add capabilities and improve survivability. In Operation Desert Storm, its rumored that more enemy armored vehicles were destroyed by Bradleys than by Abrams tanks. According to the Bradley newsletter the first production GT was delivered in September 1970. Polish navy divers take on the herculean task of defusing the largest unexploded WWII bomb ever found in the country. A hybrid GPS/inertial/dead reckoning navigation system robustly provides the vehicle location as a reference point. The real-life Top Gun pilots soar through the skies in F-35 fighter jets. [9][12] In 1964, the Army solicited bids for the MICV-65, awarding the contract for the Pacific Car and Foundry Company. It carries equipment for use by dismounted observers. [14], In October 1976, the Army accepted a number of recommendations put forward by the MICV Task Force formed earlier that year. You can email him at schogol@taskandpurpose.com, direct message @JeffSchogol on Twitter, or reach him on WhatsApp and Signal at 703-909-6488. For example, many of them will feature bulletproof armor, bulletproof glass, and run-flat tires. The participation of military personnel, the use of airfields on the territory of NATO countries, or attempts to establish a no-fly zone over part or all of Ukraine, would mean the direct involvement of the North Atlantic Alliance in the conflict, Kortunov told TASS. Williams, a defense policy researcher with the RAND Corporation.

Is Chase Looney Still Married, Old Byrd Farm Waverly Hall Ga, Articles B